False Friends in Business English

Stephanie Shellabear, "False Friends in Business English"

Different types of false friends

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A businessman write for business owners

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14 Principles of Management

According to Henry Fayol management has 14 principles. Henry Fayol listed the 14 principles of management as follows:

1. Specialization of labor. Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods.
2. Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
3. Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules.
4. Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss.
5. Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
7. Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.
8. Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top.
9. Scalar Chain (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
10. Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there.
11. Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12. Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13. Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
14. Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel.

Out of the 14, the most important elements are specialization, unity of command, scalar chain, and, coordination by managers (an amalgam of authority and unity of direction).

Henry Fayol synthesised 14 principles for organisational design and effective administration. It is worthwhile reflecting on these are comparing the conclusions to contemporary utterances by Peters, Kanter and Handy to name but three management gurus. Fayol's 14 principles are:

1. Specialisation/division of labour

A principle of work allocation and specialisation in order to concentrate activities to enable specialisation of skills and understandings, more work focus and efficiency.

2. Authority with corresponding responsibility

If responsibilities are allocated then the post holder needs the requisite authority to carry these out including the right to require others in the area of responsibility to undertake duties. Authority stems from:

• that ascribed from the delegation process (the job holder is assigned to act as the agent of the high authority to whom they report - hierarchy)
• allocation and permission to use the necessary resources needed (budgets, assets, staff) to carry out the responsibilities.
• selection - the person has the expertise to carry out the responsibilities and the personal qualities to win the support and confidence of others.

The R = A correspondence is important to understand. R = A enables accountability in the delegation process. Who do we cope with situations where R > A? Are there work situations where our R< A?

"judgement demands high moral character, therefore, a good leader should possess and infuse into those around him courage to accept responsibility. The best safeguard against abuse of authority and weakness on the part of a higher manager is personal integrity and particularly high moral character of such a manager ..... this integrity, is conferred neither by election nor ownership. " 1916

A manager should never be given authority without responsibility--and also should never be given responsibility without the associated authority to get the work done.

3. Discipline

The generalisation about discipline is that discipline is essential for the smooth running of a business and without it - standards, consistency of action, adherence to rules and values - no enterprise could prosper.

"in an essence - obedience, application, energy, behaviour and outward marks of respect observed in accordance with standing agreements between firms and its employees " 1916

4. Unity of Command

The idea is that an employee should receive instructions from one superior only. This generalisation still holds - even where we are involved with team and matrix structures which involve reporting to more than one boss - or being accountable to several clients. The basic concern is that tensions and dilemmas arise where we report to two or more bosses. One boss may want X, the other Y and the subordinate is caught between the devil and the deep blue sea.

5. Unity of Direction

The unity of command idea of having one head (chief executive, cabinet consensus) with agree purposes and objectives and one plan for a group of activities) is clear.

6. Subordination of individual interest to the general interest

Fayol's line was that one employee's interests or those of one group should not prevail over the organisation as a whole. This would spark a lively debate about who decides that the interests of the organisation as a whole are. Ethical dilemmas and matters of corporate risk and the behaviour of individual "chancers" are involved here. Fayol's work - assumes a shared set of values by people in the organisation - a unitarism where the reasons for organisational activities and decisions are in some way neutral and reasonable.

7. Remuneration of staff

The general principle is that levels of compensation should be "fair" and as far as possible afford satisfaction both to the staff and the firm (in terms of its cost structures and desire for profitability/surplus).

8. Centralisation

Centralisation for HF is essential to the organisation and a natural consequence of organising. This issue does not go away even where flatter, devolved organisations occur. Decentralisation - is frequently centralisaed-decentralisation !!! The modes of control over the actions and results of devolved organisations are still matters requiring considerable attention.

9. Scalar chain/line of authority

The scalar chain of command of reporting relationships from top executive to the ordinary shop operative or driver needs to be sensible, clear and understood.

10. Order

The level of generalisation becomes difficult with this principle. Basically an organisation "should" provide an orderly place for each individual member - who needs to see how their role fits into the organisation and be confident, able to predict the organisations behaviour towards them. Thus policies, rules, instructions and actions should be understandable and understood. Orderliness implies steady evolutionary movement rather than wild, anxiety provoking, unpredictable movement.

11. Equity

Equity, fairness and a sense of justice "should"pervade the organisation - in principle and practice.

12. Stability of tenure

Time is needed for the employee to adapt to his/her work and perform it effectively. Stability of tenure promotes loyalty to the organisation, its purposes and values.

13. Initiative

At all levels of the organisational structure, zeal, enthusiasm and energy are enabled by people having the scope for personal initiative. (Note: Tom Peters recommendations in respect of employee empowerment)

14. Esprit de Corps

Here, Fayol emphasises the need for building and maintaining of harmony among the work force , team work and sound interpersonal relationships.

In the same way that Alfred P Sloan, the executive head of General Motors reorganised the company into semi-autonomous divisions in the 1920s, corporations undergoing reorganisation still apply "classical organisation" principles - very much in line with Fayol's recommendations.

Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine

English | 7 edition (October 2, 2002) | ISBN: 0443071063 | Pages: 385 | PDF | 91.38 MB

This textbook of oral medicine and oral pathology is ideal for dental students and postgraduates taking further dental exams. Updated coverage includes the lates information on AIDS, molecular biology, alleged mercury hazards, tumours, and management. This new 7th edition has full-color illustrations throughout and a new page design, making the book more accessible and user-friendly. Conveniently offers concise coverage of both oral pathology and oral medicine in a single volume.

HTML, XHTML, and CSS: Comprehensive, 6th Edition

Part of the highly successful Shelly Cashman series, this text provides a comprehensive introduction to HTML and leads the user through a clear, step-by-step, screen-by-screen approach to learning. Readers learn how to create a Web page using HTML, format the page, add graphics, and more.

eBook Details

Author: Gary B. Shelly

Pages: 744 pages

Edition: 6

Publication Date: 2010-08-02

Publisher: Course Technology

Language: English

ISBN-10/ASIN: 0538747544

ISBN-13/EAN: 9780538747547

What Can You Do with Money?: Earning, Spending, and Saving

    Author: Jennifer S. Larson
    Pages: 32 pages
    Edition: 1
    Publication Date: 2010-02-01
    Publisher: Lerner Publications
    Language: English
    ISBN-10/ASIN: 0761339108
    ISBN-13/EAN: 9780761339106

Do you get an allowance? Or have you ever been paid for doing chores, such as walking a neighbor’s dog or raking leaves? If so, you’ve earned money! Everyone has to decide what they will do with the money they earn. Will they spend it on things they want and need? Or will they save it? How can you decide what to do with your money? Read this book to find out.

BBC Good Food Middle East

English | True PDF | 108 pages | 9 MB

The best coolers in hot summer from BBC Good Food.

Architectural Drafting and Design

ARCHITECTURAL DRAFTING AND DESIGN, 6E is an ideal book for all architectural drafters and CAD operators, whether beginning, intermediate, or advanced. An important feature of this best-seller is its step-by-step instructions for the design and layout of each type of drawing associated with a complete set of architectural plans, with projects that can be completed using either CAD or manual drawing methods. The basics of residential design, commercial drafting, basic materials used for construction, common construction methods, and drawings typically associated with commercial construction are all covered in this comprehensive book, which is written to meet the most recent editions of IRC and IBC. Readers will be introduced to the various types of projects that a designer or architect is likely to complete during the actual design process and will gain the knowledge needed to complete the drawings required by most municipalities to obtain a building permit for a single-family residence.

Interweave Knits - Fall 2012

English | PDF | 148 pages | 64.1Mb

Be inspired to practice new techniques with the Fall 2012 issue ofInterweave Knits. From stylish openwork for cooler weather (“Stiches Go to Town”), to deeply etched cables (“One for the Road”), to casual, low-relief textures (“Fancy That”) to exquisite knits in classically wooly yarns (“All Wool and a Yard Wide”) and bold, bright colorwork (“Left Stranded”), you’re sure to find something your needles will crave. Fresh patterns and classic technique—it’s what fall knitting is all about.

Guide to Financial Management

Publisher: Profile Books | Pages: 327 | 2008-06-01 | ISBN: 186197809X | PDF | 1 MB

With organizations driven to deliver on performance targets, managers are expected to make decisions fully understanding their financial consequences. Few non financial specialists are prepared for these financial challenges.

The Innovation Secrets of Steve Jobs: Insanely Different Principles for Breakthrough Success

ISBN: 007174875X | 2010 | EPUB/MOBI | 256 pages | 2 MB/1 MB

A "THINK DIFFERENT" APPROACH TO INNOVATION-- Based on the Seven Guiding Principles of Apple CEO Steve Jobs. In his acclaimed bestseller The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs author Carmine Gallo laid out a simple step-by-step program of powerful tools and proven techniques inspired by Steve Jobs's legendary presentations. Now, he shares the Apple CEO's most famous, most original, and most effective strategies for sparking true creativity--and real innovation--in any workplace.

Economics For Dummies

F..r Du..s 2/ed (2-2011) | PDF | 416 pages | ISBN: 0470973250 | 4.4Mb

Sean Masaki Flynn. If you want to get to grips with the basics of economics and understand a subject that affects British citizens on a daily basis, then look no further than Economics For Dummies.

This easy to understand guide takes you through the world of economics from understanding micro- and macroeconomics to demystifying complex topics such as capitalism and recession.

This updated edition walks you through the history, principles and theories of economics as well as breaking down all the complicated terminology, leaving you clued up on economics in no time.

Getting to grips – explore the science of economics and how people deal with scarcity

Keeping an eye on it – learn all about macroeconomics and how economists keep track of everything.

Watch patterns emerge – understand why monitoring consumer behavior is vital and all you need to know about microeconomics ,Your recession guide – expert advice on recessions and a detailed look at why they occur

MOS 2010 Study Guide for Microsoft Access

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Extreme Weather and The Financial Markets: Opportunities in Commodities and Futures

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Pro HTML Accessibility

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The Official eBay Bible, Third Edition

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30 Days to a Sexier You! A Self Help Guide for Low Female Libido

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The Crusades: Biographies

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New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis

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iPhone 4S All-in-One For Dummies

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Hiring and Keeping the Best People

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Donor-Centered Planned Gift Marketing

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Seven days to self-defense

Black Belt in a Box / Contemporary Books | 2001 | ISBN: 0809270331 | English | 53 pages | PDF | 4.4 MB

Each year literally thousands of young women are attacked in the streets of our country. Some are mugged, some beaten, some raped, and some killed. Almost all of these women have one thing in common, they do not know how to defend themselves. Perhaps with some small self-defense training some of these women would not be helplessly attacked and thus would not be raped or killed. Certainly all of them would stand a better chance if they knew some effective, yet simple, techniques to defend against an attack.

SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS

Op.n U-ty Pr.ss | 2011 | ISBN: 0335242391, 1742373925 | 352 pages | PDF | 3,5 MB

"It reads as though someone is sitting next to you conversing with you and taking you through it ... It has a reassuring tone. Julie Pallant writes in a kind and inclusive way which students appreciate."

Sue Thorpe, Lecturer in Research Methods, Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK.

"Its key strengths are clarity, clear English, clear explanations, and clear examples. What this book does well is to provide easy, straightforward explanations."

Martin Lea, Senior Lecturer, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.

"An excellent introduction to using SPSS for data analysis... It provides a self-contained resource itself, with more than simply (detailed and clear) step-by-step descriptions of statistical procedures in SPSS. There is also a wealth of tips and advice, and for each statistical technique a brief, but consistently reliable, explanation is provided."

Associate Professor George Dunbar, Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, UK.

Julie Pallant's SPSS Survival Manual throws a lifeline to students and researchers grappling with this data analysis software.

In this thoroughly revised edition of her bestselling text, now covering up to version 18 of the SPSS software, Julie Pallant guides you through the entire research process, helping you choose the right data analysis technique for your project.

From the formulation of research questions, to the design of the study and analysis of data, to reporting the results, Julie discusses basic and advanced statistical techniques. She outlines each technique clearly, with easy to follow step-by-step procedures for performing the analysis, a detailed guide to interpreting data output and an example of how to present the results in a report. In this fourth edition all chapters have been updated to accommodate changes to SPSS procedures, screens and output. A number of additional techniques (McNemar's Test, Cochran's Q Test) have been included in the Non_parametric Statistics chapter. For both beginners and experienced users in psychology, sociology, health sciences, medicine, education, business and related disciplines, the SPSS Survival Manual is THE essential guide. Illustrated with screen grabs, examples of output and tips, it is supported by a website with sample data and guidelines on report writing.

Basics of Engineering Economy

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Strategy Formulation in Entrepreneurial Firms

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Android Tablet Games Programming

• Paperback: 196 pages
• Author: Jeremy Kerfs
• Publisher: Apress, 1 Edition, 2011-11-30
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1430238526
• ISBN-13: 9781430238522
• Format: PDF, EPUB
• File Size: 7MB

Android games programmers now have the power to write games for Android tablets. Beginning Android Tablet Games Programming explains how to enhance your Android games using the new tablet interface and the additional screen estate. You’ll learn how to bring your programming skills up to date and into a world where touch screens, games physics, and artificial intelligence come together in new and surprising ways.
Beginning Android Tablet Games Programming shows how to quickly and easily set up an Android development environment—in no time at all, you’ll be programming away. You’ll begin with some simple games using sprites and choreographed movement. Next, you’ll learn how to handle user input in the modern age of touch screens and motion.
Along the way, you’ll discover how to use that extra screen space on a tablet to provide more relaxed and more interesting user interactions in your games. You’ll learn how to use sound and music, for instance, to make your application menus more user-friendly.
The Android operating system has recently acquired multicore functionality to meet the demands of multicore devices now entering the tablet market. With Beginning Android Tablet Games Programming, you’ll discover how to harness that new power with your games programming through more process-demanding and fun techniques, including physics modeling, rich game world representation, artificial intelligence, and multiplayer interactions.
Throughout each chapter of Beginning Android Tablet Games Programming, you’ll find code that you can add or adapt to your own games to create the components you want. You can also work up to wrapping everything together into a complete Mario-type example game.
Finally, when you have your first games ready, learn how developers have released their games and made a profit. You’ll find tips on how to present your games in the Android and other application markets, and a solid approach to games marketing and monetization.

What you’ll learn

• How to set up an Android tablet programming environment
• How to program for touchscreens and other input devices
• Techniques to take advantage of the extra screen size of a tablet
• How to take advantage of multicore processing power in your games
• How to program a multiplayer game
• How to add artificial intelligence to in-game opponents
• How to program game modes, game states, and game worlds
• How to program a complete game
• About in-app marketing and games monetization

Who this book is for

This is a book for Java programmers new to Honeycomb, tablets and games programming. An experienced games programmer can also use this book to migrate their existing expertise to the Android and the tablet environment.